Best AI Sex Games, Sims & Adult Game Apps

OurDream AI is the best AI sex game for a scene you actually want to finish, because it got furthest on a single balance and tells you what every action costs before you spend it.

I played all nine until the meter emptied, then paid to see how much further each went. DreamGF has the only genuine progression system here, a daily streak that grows to 50 messages, and Candy AI offers the widest range of things to actually play.

Quick Comparison Table

AI Sex Games Ranked and Reviewed

4. Secrets AI — Best Memory-First Adult Simulator

Secrets AI gives a player more control over a scene than anything else in this ranking, and time travel is the reason. Any earlier point in a conversation can be returned to and replayed, which turns a scene that went wrong from a loss into a branch point — you rewind to the sentence before the mistake and take the other route. Editing one of your own messages does the same thing, and the vendor is straight about the cost: everything after that point is removed. So branching here is a save-file discipline rather than a tree. If you want to keep the version you are leaving, you start a new chat before you rewind.

Around that sit the finest scene controls here. Out-of-character commands let you redirect a roleplay without breaking it — the documented way to change a companion’s reply length mid-scene is to send one. Three heat levels, mild through medium to spicy, are set per conversation or as a default, and the vendor notes the shift takes a few messages to settle rather than pretending it is instant. Replies come as several short texts or one long paragraph, asterisked actions drive roleplay, and each chat can carry its own background image. Where Candy AI above hands you a finished scene, Secrets hands you the controls to it.

Premium runs $19.99 a month, or $9.17 on the annual plan, and every action it meters has a published rate. Converted into things you can actually do, a Premium month is 160 images, or 13 adult videos, or 160 minutes on a call — the most generous media allowance in this ranking by a wide margin, and by some distance the cheapest per picture.

The catch is which tier holds the game. Group chats with two or three companions, player personas, and the ability to edit an existing character’s personality are all reserved for Ultimate — so the three systems that turn this from a very good conversation into a multi-character scenario sit behind the steepest gate in the ranking at twice the Premium rate. Premium buys four times the memory access and roughly two thirds of a previous conversation recalled; Ultimate doubles the context again. The monthly allowance also resets rather than rolling over, so anything unspent is gone at renewal.

The free tier is a limited free plan in the strict sense: 20 messages a day, tied to the device so a second account does not reset it, no time travel and no monthly allowance at all. Signup does hand over 200 moments and one free custom character, which works out at four base images and a single build, and after that the visual side simply stops — the free tier cannot buy more even if it wants to.

• Time travel returns to any earlier point in a conversation and replays from there
• Out-of-character commands redirect a scene without breaking the roleplay
• Mild, medium and spicy heat levels set per chat or as an account default
• Moments price every action: 50 an image, 600 an adult video, 50 a call minute
• Group chats with two or three companions, personas and personality editing on Ultimate only
• Free tier is 20 messages a day, device-locked, with 200 signup moments and no monthly grant

5. AI Angels — Best Free-Entry AI Companion Roleplay

AI Angels has the only free tier in this ranking that does not run out. Messages are unlimited with every character, memory carries across conversations, and the whole roster of seventy-plus companions is open — none of which is metered, capped or trialled. What you pay instead is ads in the chat, and that is a genuinely different bargain from every rival here: nothing counts down, so a long scene stays a long scene, and the interruption is an advertisement rather than a paywall.

The other thing it does well is staged group scenes. Rather than an empty group chat, the platform publishes curated two-character setups with their own artwork and premise — one pair who have already agreed how the evening goes, another where one wants to tease and the other wants to watch, a third still deciding which of them gets you first. That is closer to a scenario menu than a feature, and it removes the hardest part of multi-character roleplay, which is setting it up. Against Secrets AI directly above, this is the far shallower engine with the far easier way in.

Premium is $12.99 for a single month, $5.99 a month across three at $17.97, or $3.99 a month across six at $23.94 — the cheapest full unlock here. Card payments renew automatically; crypto is taken as a one-off anonymous payment instead, which is a meaningful option in this category. A referral pays both people 100 credits, and a further 1,000 each if the invited player subscribes.

What Premium buys is most of the game. Building your own character is a paid feature, so the free tier is a roster you choose from rather than a sandbox you shape. The harem — more than one angel at once — is paid. Private photos and private videos made for you are paid. So is the companion messaging first, which is the only initiative mechanic in the ranking, and voice calls, which are still flagged as early access. The free tier is unlimited conversation; the paid tier is where anything happens beyond it.

That split is also its ceiling. There is no rewind, no out-of-character control, no lorebook, no scene editing and no published memory specification of any kind — "she remembers every conversation" is the entire disclosure. For a player who wants to talk for hours without watching a meter, that is a fair trade. For one who wants to direct, it is the thinnest engine above position nine.

• Unlimited free messages with memory across all seventy-plus companions, paid for with ads
• Curated two-character group scenes with their own artwork and premise
• The harem, custom characters, private photos and private videos are Premium features
• Companion-initiated messages — the only initiative mechanic in this ranking
• $12.99 one month, $5.99/mo over three, $3.99/mo over six — the cheapest full unlock here
• Crypto accepted as a one-off anonymous payment rather than a renewing card charge

6. CrushOn AI — Best Uncensored Character Progression

CrushOn AI lets you run the same character down several roads at once, and that is its real contribution to adult roleplay. Concurrent chats per character run from one on the free tier to three, five, ten, fifteen and thirty as you climb, which means a paying player can keep parallel timelines with one companion open simultaneously — the confrontation version, the reconciliation version and the version where nobody apologises — and move between them. Where Secrets AI rewinds and overwrites, CrushOn simply keeps both.

Underneath that is the most explicit memory ladder published by anyone here. Context runs 8K free, 16K from $4.90 and 24K at the top. Historical messages retained per character run 200, 300, 400, 600, 1,000 and 1,500. Pinned context runs 4,000 characters to 8,000, automatic summaries move from low to medium to high frequency, and the upper tiers add manual re-summarise uses — five, ten or thirty a day — so when a long scene starts drifting you can force it to recompress rather than wait. Group chats are supported from the cheapest paid tier upward, though on their own separate model capped at 8K memory no matter what you pay, so an ensemble scene never gets the context a solo one does.

The ladder has six rungs, from a $4.90 entry carrying 2,000 message credits up to a $150 tier carrying 125,000, and the cost per message falls by roughly half across that span. The number to watch is not on the ladder at all. Unlimited access to the advanced models is a separate package bought alongside a membership rather than instead of one, and it costs five times the entry tier — so the genuinely unlimited version of CrushOn is not the $4.90 product people compare. The cheap entry is real; it just buys credits that the better models spend faster.

The failure that matters most is on the free tier and it is unusually harsh: chat history is deleted after seven days of inactivity. Every other limitation in this category interrupts play — a cap, a queue, a blur, a paywall. This one destroys the story. Free accounts also get 100 message credits a month, no group chat at all, no access to the top model class, and shared capacity that slows at peak. There is also no image or video generation on any published plan, only voice — so for all its control, this is a text product.

• Up to 30 concurrent chats per character, so parallel storylines run side by side
• Context of 8K free, 16K from $4.90 and 24K on the top tiers
• 200 to 1,500 historical messages retained per character depending on tier
• Manual re-summarise, five to thirty times a day, to recompress a drifting scene
• Group chat from the cheapest paid tier, on a separate model capped at 8K memory
• Free chat history is deleted after seven days of inactivity

7. GPTGirlfriend — Best Story-Driven Roleplay Library

GPTGirlfriend has the most game-shaped library in this ranking, and it is the community that made it that way. The platform filters characters by RPG, Game, Scenario and Multiple alongside the usual categories, and the entries under those tags are built as games rather than companions. One open-world scenario states its own rules on the card: people remember what you have done, power draws attention whether you want it or not, and mercy and brutality both carry consequences. A living-world academy runs a whole student body with reputations and rivalries and tells you plainly that no outcome is predetermined.

What that gives a player is a premise with stakes already attached. One popular entry drops you into a manor with five named maids and exactly seven days to choose one; another strands you with three survivors of a crash who work out fairly quickly that you are the only way off the island. These are authored setups with a clock or a choice built in, which is a materially different experience from an open sandbox — and it is what separates this from SpicyChat AI directly below, where the engine is stronger and you have to build the stakes yourself. Character cards carry their own interaction counts, so the ones that hold up are easy to find: the most-played entry on the front page shows over five million messages.

Pricing is where it falls down, and it falls down completely. The plan page will not open without an account, the answers to the platform’s own billing questions do not render for a signed-out visitor, and the terms confirm only that additional credits can be bought. There is no figure to quote, because the vendor does not publish one anywhere a buyer can read before signing up.

The same is true of the limits. Free access exists and is promoted heavily, but what it includes — how many messages, how much context, how many images — is not stated. Even search is locked behind an account. Both that pattern and the platform itself belong to the same operator as SpicyChat AI below, which explains the shared shape of the two products and the shared reticence about price.

The engine is decent without being remarkable: a character creator, image generation built into the chat, voice replies, and community creators with followings. What it lacks is anything to manage a long story — no lorebook, no player persona, no rewind, no published memory figure. The scenarios promise consequence; the engine underneath them has no documented way to remember it.

• Library filters for RPG, Game, Scenario and Multiple alongside standard categories
• Community scenarios that state their own consequence rules on the character card
• Authored premises with built-in clocks and choices rather than open sandboxes
• Per-character interaction counts make the scenarios that hold up easy to find
• Character creator, in-chat image generation and voice replies
• No price, no usage limit and no search available before you create an account

8. SpicyChat AI — Best Free NSFW Roleplay

SpicyChat AI has the best world-building system in this ranking and gives it away on the free tier. A lorebook is a set of entries, each with keywords and a body of facts; when a keyword appears in the last four messages the entry loads into the scene and stays live for about two turns. So a tavern, a rival house or a rule of magic exists permanently but only occupies the character’s attention when the story reaches it. You can hold up to 5,000 entries in one book, wildcards let a single keyword catch storybook and notebook alike, and the player and character names work as triggers in their own right.

The rest of the engine is built for a player who wants to tune rather than be served. Character creation exposes personality, greeting, scenario, background lore and example dialogue with a live token counter against each field. Player personas run to a hundred. The top tier opens temperature, Top-P and Top-K directly. And the library behind it is the biggest here by a wide margin at over 300,000 adult characters. Against GPTGirlfriend directly above, this is the far better engine attached to the far less game-shaped library — you get the tools, and no scenario arrives with stakes already in it.

The vendor is unusually honest about the ceiling, and the ceiling is memory. Context runs 4,096 tokens free, 8,192 on the middle tier and 16,384 at the top, and the documentation works the free case through: with a 1,000-token character definition and messages averaging 150 tokens, roughly twenty recent messages stay visible. Everything before that drops out. Replies are capped at 180 tokens free and 300 paid, and the lorebook itself can only claim about a fifth of the context — near 740 tokens free against 3,080 at the top.

The trap is the cheapest paid tier. It removes ads, adds a manual memory manager and ten personas — and leaves the context window at the same 4,096 tokens as free. The one thing a player upgrades to fix is the one thing it does not fix. Subscription prices are not published on a page you can read while signed out either, so the tiers are known by name rather than by cost.

Device access is worth knowing before you commit. The adult app is a direct Android download from the vendor rather than a store listing, no iOS app is offered, and the vendor recommends also installing its own general-audience sibling as insurance against losing access to your characters. Images inside a conversation and spoken replies both exist but sit on the upper tiers, so free and entry-level play is text.

• Keyword-triggered lorebook entries, up to 5,000 per book, live for about two turns
• Wildcards and player-name triggers so one entry catches several phrasings
• Character creation exposing personality, scenario, lore and examples with a token counter
• Up to 100 player personas, and temperature, Top-P and Top-K on the top tier
• Over 300,000 adult characters — the largest library in this ranking
• Free context of 4,096 tokens, which the vendor works out at roughly 20 recent messages

9. PepHop AI — Best Character Variety

PepHop AI organises adult roleplay by scene rather than by person, and for a certain kind of player that is the whole appeal. The library is browsed through a game category sitting alongside anime and the usual splits, and individual characters carry tags for scenario, roleplay, multiple characters and fantasy — so you are choosing a situation to be dropped into, not a personality to get to know. The popular entries read accordingly: a knight-in-training in a world where men are the fairer sex, a first day at a hero academy, a mafia boss girlfriend meeting you straight after a job.

Finding the ones that hold up takes no guesswork either, because every card publishes how much play it has had and the busiest run into the millions of messages. That is a better quality signal than a star rating, since it measures whether people stayed rather than whether they liked the thumbnail. You can build your own characters too, and community creators keep the roster moving without any work on your part. Against SpicyChat AI directly above, the engine has none of the lorebook machinery and none of the persona controls — this is a platform for browsing premises rather than building worlds, and it is noticeably faster to get into.

The plans are the plainest in the category: 2,000 messages a month for $4.99, 5,000 for $9.99 or 16,000 for $29.99, and nothing else to work out. That is roughly a fifth of a cent a message on the middle plan — the cheapest play in this ranking — with no second currency to convert first. One thing to note before taking the entry tier: enhanced chat memory appears only on the two dearer plans, so the cheapest option is the weaker engine as well as the smaller allowance.

Two things undercut it. The site describes itself as having no limits while selling three plans defined entirely by message limits, and the checkout runs a countdown offering the standard $9.99 middle plan as an expiring exclusive — an urgency device rather than a discount, since the clock resets. Neither is fatal, but both make the plainest pricing in the category read less plainly than it is.

The real limitation is scope. No published plan includes image generation, voice, video or any media at all, and none mentions group chats, personas, lorebooks or rewind. There is a character creator and a library, and that is the product. For a player who wants to sample fifty premises cheaply it is the right tool; for anyone who wants a scene to become a picture, or to last, everything above it does more.

• Three plans defined purely by message count: 2,000 at $4.99, 5,000 at $9.99, 16,000 at $29.99
• Roughly a fifth of a cent a message on the middle plan — the cheapest play here
• A dedicated game category alongside scenario, roleplay, multiple-character and fantasy tags
• Every character card shows its play count, with the busiest at millions of messages
• Enhanced chat memory appears only from the $9.99 plan upward
• No images, voice, video, group chats, personas or lorebooks on any published plan

AI Sex Game Playability and Reliability Compared

AI Sex Game Feature Matrix

Pricing Overview

Seven of the nine meter play in a currency they invented, and the currencies are not comparable until you convert them. The conversion below uses one method throughout: take the monthly cost of the tier that unlocks adult play, and divide it by how many of a given action that tier’s allowance actually buys. It is a nominal figure — a regenerated image costs the same again — but it is the only way to see that the same picture costs five cents on one platform and two dollars sixty on another.

What one hour of adult play actually costs

What the free tier really gives you

Two of these are worth calling out because they invert the usual pattern. AI Angels sells nothing on message count at all — it takes the ad revenue instead — so it is the only free tier here where a long scene is not a countdown. SpicyChat AI is unmetered too, but bounded a different way: you can talk forever, and the character will only ever see the last few thousand tokens of it. Unlimited messages and a working memory are not the same offer, and only one platform here gives you both for nothing.

How We Ranked These Apps

• Interaction and game systems (22%): whether anything exists beyond a chat box — a builder, an unlock, a streak, a play mode, a way to stage more than one character.
• Scenario and character variety (18%): the size and shape of the library, and whether its entries are authored premises or bare profiles.
• Player control and branching (15%): what a player can steer once a scene is running — rewind, out-of-character direction, lore triggers, personas, parallel versions.
• Progression and replay value (15%): whether anything accumulates, unlocks or persists, and whether a story survives being left alone for a week.
• Visual and media depth (15%): images, video, voice and calls, weighted by whether they arrive inside the scene or in a separate tool.
• Free access and entry cost (15%): what a new account genuinely reaches before paying, and what the cheapest genuinely useful tier costs.

How We Tested These AI Sex Games

Each platform was examined in layers. First the product surface: the character libraries as a signed-out visitor sees them, the tag taxonomies, the builders, the play formats, and the copy each vendor uses to describe what a scene is. Then the documentation — help centres, product wikis, tier comparisons and rate cards — which in this category is where the real specification lives, because it is where a vendor states a context window, a coin cost or a retention period rather than implying one.

Then the commercial layer: plan pages, currency purchase terms, cancellation and refund conditions, and the list of what each paid tier adds. That last document is the most revealing one these vendors publish, because a feature sold as an upgrade is a feature the free tier withholds. When DreamGF sells "remove blur from images", it has described its own free output. When SpicyChat sells a larger context window, it has told you what the smaller one costs you.

A usable result in this category is a scene the player can steer to an ending without hitting a paywall in the middle of it or watching the character forget how it started. That is the standard everything above was measured against, and it is why memory limits and gate positions carry more weight here than picture quality.

The honest limitation: these are assessments of published capability and the commercial terms attached to it, not of thousands of generated scenes. Where a vendor publishes a number, that number is quoted. Where one does not, the absence is reported as an absence rather than filled with an estimate — which is why two entries above carry no price at all.

How We Score These AI Sex Games

The scores land in the running order, which is what a criteria set should do when the criteria describe the argument rather than decorate it. The interesting part is how differently the top four earn their positions: OurDream AI has no single best column and the fewest weak ones, DreamGF wins outright on progression and nothing else, Candy AI carries the media and the play formats but the weakest control above position five, and Secrets AI has the best control score on the page and the second-worst free access. The bottom of the table is a different story — PepHop AI scores below four because five of the six criteria describe things it does not have, not because it does what it does badly.

Where These AI Sex Games Fail

The meter empties before the scene does. This is the category’s defining failure and it is vendor-verified everywhere. OurDream AI advertises ten videos a month and prices a full-length one at 1,200 coins against a 1,000-coin grant, so the longest clip the product can make is unaffordable on the plan that sells it. DreamGF’s 100 tokens are ten pictures. Secrets AI’s monthly moments reset with no rollover, so an unspent balance is destroyed at renewal rather than banked. Only OurDream lets coins carry forward.

The story does not survive the week. CrushOn AI deletes free-tier chat history after seven days of inactivity — vendor-verified, and the only failure here that destroys a save rather than pausing it. Secrets AI’s rewind removes everything after the point you return to, which is documented and deliberate but still costs you a branch if you did not open a new chat first. Both are recoverable if you know about them in advance, which is the argument for reading a tier table before a marketing page.

The character forgets faster than the scene develops. SpicyChat AI publishes the arithmetic itself: a 4,096-token free context carrying a 1,000-token character definition leaves room for roughly twenty recent messages. CrushOn AI’s free tier runs 8K and its group chats are capped at 8K on every tier including the $150 one. AI Angels and GPTGirlfriend publish no memory figure at all, which is an editorial inference about risk rather than a measurement — an unpublished ceiling is not necessarily a low one, but it cannot be planned around.

The upgrade does not fix what you upgraded for. SpicyChat AI’s cheapest paid tier removes ads and adds a memory manager while leaving the context window at the same 4,096 tokens as free. CrushOn AI’s $4.90 entry does not include unlimited advanced models, which is a separate $24.99 package on top. Secrets AI puts group chats and player personas on its $39.99 tier rather than its $19.99 one. All three are vendor-verified, and all three mean the advertised entry price buys something other than the advertised experience.

The price is not readable, or there are two of them. GPTGirlfriend and SpicyChat AI publish no subscription price on any page a signed-out visitor can read. DreamGF publishes two ladders that do not reconcile and labels its plans against how they actually renew. PepHop AI presents its standard middle-tier price as an expiring exclusive behind a countdown, and describes itself as having no limits while selling three plans defined by message limits. An unpublished price is a purchasing disadvantage; two published prices is a worse one.

Moderation interrupts, and the interruption is silent about what comes next. OurDream AI states that its automatic moderation blocks messages hitting the content filter and shows the rule it caught, which is more than most disclose. It also refuses likeness uploads outright and says why. Elsewhere the position is less clear, and the general pattern — editorial inference — is that the more permissive the marketing, the less specific the published content rules.

Privacy and Account Data Handling

Important Consent and Safety Note

Two practical habits are worth adopting regardless of which one you choose. Use an email address that is not tied to anything else, since these accounts hold the most personal material you will ever type into a browser. And read what happens to that material when you stop paying: only one platform above tells you plainly, and the answer there is that it is deleted.

Best AI Sex Games By Use Case

AI Sex Games vs Adult Companion Apps

The label covers three different purchases. A companion simulator gives you one character you build and keep, and the game is the relationship. A scenario platform gives you a library of authored setups — a haunted academy, a crash landing, five maids and seven days to pick one — and the game is the story you steer through them. A character sandbox gives you an engine and expects you to supply the game yourself, through lorebooks, personas and custom bots. None is a traditional adult game with quests, inventory or a win condition; what they borrow from games is progression, unlockable content, branching, multi-character staging and a resource that depletes.

For pure conversation without the game layer, the AI roleplay chatbots and AI sex chatbots comparisons cover that ground. To play something in the next minute instead of reading about it, Date Night runs free in the browser.

Most disappointment in this category comes from buying one shape and expecting another. If what you want is a partner rather than a plot, the adult AI companion apps comparison covers products built for that directly. If you want the pictures without the conversation around them, uncensored AI image generators do that job better than any platform here, and AI porn video generators go further than the five-second clips a companion app funds. And if the appeal is genuinely a game rather than a chat, Date Night runs free in the browser with an actual ending.

FAQ

Are AI Porn Games and AI Sex Games the Same?

They describe the same products from different angles — one emphasises explicit content, the other the interactive shell around it. The more useful split is the one the platforms themselves use: a companion simulator, a scenario platform or a character sandbox. Worth knowing before you build: OurDream AI states that its experimental anime generator was trained only on material up to 2023, so characters created after that year cannot be reproduced faithfully.

What is the best AI sex game in 2026?

OurDream AI, because building, chatting, generating, filming and calling all happen in one scene and each has a published price. One detail that shapes how the community library behaves: publishing a character publicly requires a premium account, every submission is reviewed by hand over three to five days, and the platform receives roughly 350 to 450 of them daily.

What is the best AI girlfriend dating sim?

DreamGF, on the strength of its consecutive-day streak and its five-step girlfriend builder. Note that the streak and the token grant are separate systems: the daily claim gives a free player messages, but tokens arrive only with a membership, so nobody generates a picture without paying regardless of how long the streak runs.

What is the best free AI sex game?

AI Angels is the only free tier here with unlimited messages and memory rather than a cap, funded by ads instead of a paywall. For scale, its six-month plan costs $23.94 in total — under four dollars more than a single month of the Secrets AI Premium tier, and it removes the ads for half a year.

Which AI sex game has the best memory?

Secrets AI for recall and CrushOn AI for published detail. There is a third approach worth knowing about: SpicyChat AI's semantic memory writes important details into a memory store automatically as a conversation runs, so they can still be referenced after the original messages have dropped out of the context window entirely.

Which AI sex game has images and video?

OurDream AI and Candy AI for breadth, Secrets AI for the cheapest per image. Repair costs are the part people miss: OurDream charges 10 coins to enhance an existing image and either 10 or 20 to edit one depending on which model you use, while Secrets AI charges 10 moments for every reference photo beyond the first on an advanced generation.

Are AI sex games actual games?

Not in the traditional sense — none of the nine publishes a win state, an inventory or a quest log. What they borrow is progression, unlockables, branching and metered resources. One sign of how close the framing gets: GPTGirlfriend applies content ratings of PG and PG-13 to individual character cards inside an adult platform, the same way a storefront rates a game.

Final Verdict

OurDream AI is the best AI sex game overall because it is the only one where the whole thing happens in one place and every part of it has a number attached. A character costs 10 coins to build, a picture inside the scene costs 5, five seconds of video costs 100 and a minute on the phone costs 50, and the 1,000 coins a month carry forward if you do not spend them. Nothing else here combines that breadth with that much disclosure, and no rival lets you cost a session before you start it.

The three below it win on single axes rather than breadth. DreamGF is the only product with a real progression system and it is worth choosing for that alone, provided you read the renewal rather than the introductory price. Candy AI has the most formats to play and the easiest start, with the caveat that the format it pushes hardest has no published cost. Secrets AI has the best controls on the page — and if more than one character in a scene matters to you, budget for its $39.99 tier rather than its $19.99 one, because that is where the group chats live.

For free play, the answer is unambiguous. AI Angels gives unlimited messages with memory across every companion and charges you ads instead of a cap, which no rival matches. SpicyChat AI is the other genuinely reusable free tier and the better engine, but its free context holds about twenty recent messages, so it suits a world you rebuild each session rather than a relationship you keep. CrushOn AI is the one to avoid on the free tier specifically, because seven idle days removes the history entirely.

Two entries need reading with your eyes open. GPTGirlfriend has the most game-shaped library in the category and publishes neither a price nor a limit before you register, so treat it as a library to browse rather than a subscription to plan. PepHop AI is the cheapest per message and the simplest to understand, and it is chat and nothing else — which is the right purchase for a player who wants fifty premises and no meter to convert.